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00236_Field_frep42b.txt
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1996-12-30
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STRABISMUS
When we look at a near object
two things happen: the lens
rounds up because ciliary
muscles contract, and the eyes
turn in.
The commonest cause of
amblyopia in humans is
strabismus, or squint, terms
that signify nonparallel eyes--
cross-eye or wall-eye. (The term
squint as technically used is
synonymous with strabismus
and has nothing to do with
squinching up the eyes in
bright light.) The cause of
strabismus is unknown, and
indeed it probably has more
than one cause. In some cases,
strabismus comes on shortly
after birth, during the first few
months when in humans the
eyes would just be starting to
fixate and follow objects. The
lack of straightness could be
the result of an abnormality in
the eye muscles, or it could be
caused by a derangement in the
circuits in the brainstem that
subserve eye movements.
In some children,
strabismus seems to be the
result of long-sightedness. To
focus properly at a distance, the
lens in a long-sighted eye has
to become as globular as the
lens of a normal eye becomes
when it focuses on a near
object. To round up the lens for
close work means contracting
the ciliary muscle inside the
eye, which is called
accommodation. When a normal
person accommodates to focus
on something close, the eyes
automatically also turn in, or
converge. The figure to the left
shows the two processes. The
circuits in the brainstem for
accommodation and
convergence are probably
related and may overlap; in any
case, it is hard to do one
without doing the other. When
a long-sighted person
accommodates, as he must to
focus even on a distant object,
one or both eyes may turn in,
even though the convergence
in this case is
counterproductive. If a long-
sighted child is not fitted with
glasses, turning in an eye may
become habitual and eventually
permanent. This explanation
for strabismus must surely be
valid for some cases, but not for
all, since strabismus is not
necessarily accompanied by
long-sightedness and since in
some people with strabismus,
one or other eye turns out
rather than in.
Strabismus can be treated
surgically by detaching and
reattaching the extraocular
muscles. The operation is
usually successful in
straightening the eyes, but
until the last decade or so it was
not generally done until a child
had reached the age of four to
ten, for the same reason that
cataract removal was delayed--
the slight increase in risk.
Strabismus that arises in an
adult, say from an injury to a
nerve or eye muscle, is of
course accompanied by double
vision. To see what that is like,
you need only press (gently) on
one eye from below and one
side. Double vision can be most
annoying and incapacitating,
and if no better solution is
available, a patch may have to
be put over one eye, as in the
Hathaway shirt man. The
double vision otherwise
persists as long as the
strabismus is uncorrected. In a
child with strabismus,
however, the double vision
rarely persists; instead, either
alternation or suppression of
vision in one eye occurs.
When a child alternates, he
fixes (directs his gaze) first
with one eye, while the
nonfixating eye turns in or out,
and then fixes with the other
while the first eye is diverted.
(Alternating strabismus is very
common, and once you know
about the condition, you can
easily recognize it.) The eyes
take turns fixating, perhaps
every second or so, and while
one eye is looking, the other
seems not to see. At any instant,
with one eye straight and the
other deviating, vision in the
deviated eye is said to be
suppressed. Suppression is
familiar to anyone who has
trained himself to look through
a monocular microscope, sight
a gun, or do any other strictly
one-eye task, with the other
eye open. The scene simply
disappears for the suppressed
eye. A child who alternates is
always suppressing one or other
eye, but if we test vision
separately in each eye, we
generally find both eyes to be
normal.
Some children with
strabismus do not alternate but
use one eye all the time,
suppressing the other eye.
When one eye is habitually
suppressed, vision tends to
deteriorate in the suppressed
eye. Acuity falls, especially in
or near the central, or foveal
part of the visual field, and if
the situation continues, the
eye may become for practical
purposes blind. This kind of
blindness is what the
ophthalmologists call
amblyopia ex anopsia. It is by
far the commonest kind of
amblyopia, indeed of blindness
in general.